Kratom, also known as ketum, kakuam, biak, or thom, is a mind-altering substance derived from the leaves of the Mitragyna speciosa tree. This tropical evergreen is native to Southeast Asia, particularly Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Traditionally, kratom has been used by laborers in these regions to combat fatigue and enhance productivity. It has also been employed to treat opium addiction and morphine dependence.

In recent years, kratom has gained popularity in the United States, where the industry is valued at over $1.13 billion as of 2016. Proponents of kratom claim it offers numerous medical and therapeutic benefits, including boosting energy, improving mood, reducing anxiety, alleviating depression, and managing chronic pain.

What is Kratom?

Kratom is extracted from the leaves of the Mitragyna speciosa tree. It contains several active compounds, with mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine being the most notable. These compounds interact with the brain’s opioid receptors, producing effects similar to both stimulants and opioids depending on the dosage.

How is Kratom Used?

The leaves of the kratom plant can be smoked or chewed, but due to their bitter taste, they are most commonly consumed as a powder. This powder can be mixed into foods like yogurt or applesauce, or into beverages like juice or soda. Kratom is also available in gel capsule form or brewed into tea.

Where Can You Buy Kratom?

In the United States, kratom can be purchased online, in vitamin stores, gas stations, and smoke shops. Popular strains include Indo, Bali, Green Malaysian, Maeng Da, Thai, and Borneo. However, due to the lack of regulation, the safety and purity of these products can vary significantly.

Is Kratom Legal?

Kratom is currently legal at the federal level in the United States. However, it is banned in seven states—Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, and Wisconsin—as well as the District of Columbia. Some cities and counties have also enacted bans. Internationally, kratom is illegal in countries like Thailand and Malaysia due to its potential for abuse.

What are the Effects of Kratom?

Kratom’s effects can vary widely based on the dose. At lower doses, it acts as a stimulant, making users feel more energetic. At higher doses, it has sedative effects, creating feelings of euphoria and relaxation. However, these effects can also come with significant risks.

1. Euphoria and Relaxation: Kratom can induce feelings of well-being and calm.
2. Increased Energy: In smaller doses, it can act as a stimulant, boosting energy levels.
3. Pain Relief: Many users report a reduction in chronic pain.
4. Improved Mood: Some users find that kratom helps with anxiety and depression.

However, kratom can also cause adverse effects, particularly at higher doses:

1. Anxiety and Paranoia: Some users experience increased anxiety and paranoia.
2. Nausea and Vomiting: High doses can lead to severe nausea and vomiting.
3. Dizziness and Drowsiness: Users may feel dizzy or excessively drowsy.
4. Addiction: Regular use can lead to dependency and addiction.
5. Withdrawal Symptoms: Users may experience withdrawal symptoms similar to those of opioid withdrawal, including muscle pain, insomnia, and agitation.

Is Kratom Addictive?

While more research is needed, there is anecdotal evidence that kratom can be addictive. Users may develop a tolerance and require higher doses to achieve the same effects, leading to dependency. Withdrawal symptoms can include muscle pain, insomnia, agitation, and mood swings.

Can You Overdose on Kratom?

Yes, especially when mixed with other substances. Symptoms of a kratom overdose can include:

1. Shallow or Labored Breathing: Difficulty breathing can be a sign of overdose.
2. Slurred Speech: Impaired speech can indicate high levels of kratom in the system.
3. Impaired Motor Skills: Difficulty with coordination and movement.
4. Lethargy and Tremors: Extreme tiredness and muscle tremors.
5. Delusions and Hallucinations: Severe mental confusion and seeing or hearing things that aren’t there.

What are the Side Effects of Kratom?

Common side effects of kratom use include:

1. The Wobbles: Difficulty focusing the eyes, leading to headaches and nausea.
2. Tachycardia: Rapid heartbeat.
3. Dizziness and Hypotension: Low blood pressure and dizziness.
4. Dehydration and Constipation: Common gastrointestinal issues.
5. Tremors and Seizures: Uncontrollable shaking and, in severe cases, seizures.
6. Psychotic Symptoms: Confusion, delusions, and hallucinations.

Legal and Health Concerns

Kratom remains a controversial substance. While it is currently legal in many places, health authorities like the FDA have expressed concerns about its safety and potential for abuse. The lack of regulation means that consumers cannot be certain of the product’s purity or potency, and there is a significant risk of contamination or adulteration.

Kratom presents both potential benefits and significant risks. Its ability to act as a stimulant or a sedative makes it attractive for various uses, from managing pain to boosting energy. However, the risks of addiction, adverse effects, and legal consequences cannot be ignored. For individuals and families in South Africa and elsewhere, understanding the complexities of kratom is crucial for making informed decisions about its use. If you or a loved one are considering using kratom, it is essential to weigh the potential benefits against the significant risks and seek professional advice if needed.